TEN ways to control high blood pressure without medication

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Lifestyle plays an important role in treating your high blood pressure. If you successfully control your blood pressure with a healthy lifestyle, you might avoid, delay or reduce the need for medication.

Here are 10 lifestyle changes you can make to lower your blood pressure and keep it down.

1. Lose extra pounds and watch your waistline
Blood pressure often increases as weight increases. Being overweight also can cause disrupted breathing while you sleep (sleep apnea), which further raises your blood pressure.

Weight loss is one of the most effective lifestyle changes for controlling blood pressure. Losing even a small amount of weight if you’re overweight or obese can help reduce your blood pressure. In general, you may reduce your blood pressure by about 1 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) with each kilogram (about 2.2 pounds) of weight you lose.

Besides shedding pounds, you generally should also keep an eye on your waistline. Carrying too much weight around your waist can put you at greater risk of high blood pressure.

In general:

Men are at risk if their waist measurement is greater than 40 inches (102 centimeters).
Women are at risk if their waist measurement is greater than 35 inches (89 centimeters).
These numbers vary among ethnic groups. Ask your doctor about a healthy waist measurement for you.

2. Exercise regularly
Regular physical activity — such as 150 minutes a week, or about 30 minutes most days of the week — can lower your blood pressure by about 5 to 8 mm Hg if you have high blood pressure. It’s important to be consistent because if you stop exercising, your blood pressure can rise again.

If you have elevated blood pressure, exercise can help you avoid developing hypertension. If you already have hypertension, regular physical activity can bring your blood pressure down to safer levels.

Some examples of aerobic exercise you may try to lower blood pressure include walking, jogging, cycling, swimming or dancing. You can also try high-intensity interval training, which involves alternating short bursts of intense activity with subsequent recovery periods of lighter activity. Strength training also can help reduce blood pressure. Aim to include strength training exercises at least two days a week. Talk to your doctor about developing an exercise program.

3. Eat a healthy diet
Eating a diet that is rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products and skimps on saturated fat and cholesterol can lower your blood pressure by up to 11 mm Hg if you have high blood pressure. This eating plan is known as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet.

It isn’t easy to change your eating habits, but with these tips, you can adopt a healthy diet:

Keep a food diary. Writing down what you eat, even for just a week, can shed surprising light on your true eating habits. Monitor what you eat, how much, when and why.
Consider boosting potassium. Potassium can lessen the effects of sodium on blood pressure. The best source of potassium is food, such as fruits and vegetables, rather than supplements. Talk to your doctor about the potassium level that’s best for you.
Be a smart shopper. Read food labels when you shop and stick to your healthy-eating plan when you’re dining out, too.
4. Reduce sodium in your diet
Even a small reduction in the sodium in your diet can improve your heart health and reduce blood pressure by about 5 to 6 mm Hg if you have high blood pressure.

The effect of sodium intake on blood pressure varies among groups of people. In general, limit sodium to 2,300 milligrams (mg) a day or less. However, a lower sodium intake — 1,500 mg a day or less — is ideal for most adults.

To decrease sodium in your diet, consider these tips:

Read food labels. If possible, choose low-sodium alternatives of the foods and beverages you normally buy.
Eat fewer processed foods. Only a small amount of sodium occurs naturally in foods. Most sodium is added during processing.
Don’t add salt. Just 1 level teaspoon of salt has 2,300 mg of sodium. Use herbs or spices to add flavor to your food.
Ease into it. If you don’t feel you can drastically reduce the sodium in your diet suddenly, cut back gradually. Your palate will adjust over time.
5. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink
Alcohol can be both good and bad for your health. By drinking alcohol only in moderation — generally one drink a day for women, or two a day for men — you can potentially lower your blood pressure by about 4 mm Hg. One drink equals 12 ounces of beer, five ounces of wine or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof liquor.

But that protective effect is lost if you drink too much alcohol.

Drinking more than moderate amounts of alcohol can actually raise blood pressure by several points. It can also reduce the effectiveness of blood pressure medications.

6. Quit smoking
Each cigarette you smoke increases your blood pressure for many minutes after you finish. Stopping smoking helps your blood pressure return to normal. Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of heart disease and improve your overall health. People who quit smoking may live longer than people who never quit smoking.

7. Cut back on caffeine
The role caffeine plays in blood pressure is still debated. Caffeine can raise blood pressure up to 10 mm Hg in people who rarely consume it. But people who drink coffee regularly may experience little or no effect on their blood pressure.

Although the long-term effects of caffeine on blood pressure aren’t clear, it’s possible blood pressure may slightly increase.

To see if caffeine raises your blood pressure, check your pressure within 30 minutes of drinking a caffeinated beverage. If your blood pressure increases by 5 to 10 mm Hg, you may be sensitive to the blood pressure raising effects of caffeine. Talk to your doctor about the effects of caffeine on your blood pressure.

8. Reduce your stress
Chronic stress may contribute to high blood pressure. More research is needed to determine the effects of chronic stress on blood pressure. Occasional stress also can contribute to high blood pressure if you react to stress by eating unhealthy food, drinking alcohol or smoking.

Take some time to think about what causes you to feel stressed, such as work, family, finances or illness. Once you know what’s causing your stress, consider how you can eliminate or reduce stress.

If you can’t eliminate all of your stressors, you can at least cope with them in a healthier way. Try to:

Change your expectations. For example, plan your day and focus on your priorities. Avoid trying to do too much and learn to say no. Understand there are some things you can’t change or control, but you can focus on how you react to them.
Focus on issues you can control and make plans to solve them. If you are having an issue at work, try talking to your manager. If you are having a conflict with your kids or spouse, take steps to resolve it.
Avoid stress triggers. Try to avoid triggers when you can. For example, if rush-hour traffic on the way to work causes stress, try leaving earlier in the morning, or take public transportation. Avoid people who cause you stress if possible.
Make time to relax and to do activities you enjoy. Take time each day to sit quietly and breathe deeply. Make time for enjoyable activities or hobbies in your schedule, such as taking a walk, cooking or volunteering.
Practice gratitude. Expressing gratitude to others can help reduce your stress.
9. Monitor your blood pressure at home and see your doctor regularly
Home monitoring can help you keep tabs on your blood pressure, make certain your lifestyle changes are working, and alert you and your doctor to potential health complications. Blood pressure monitors are available widely and without a prescription. Talk to your doctor about home monitoring before you get started.

Regular visits with your doctor are also key to controlling your blood pressure. If your blood pressure is well-controlled, check with your doctor about how often you need to check it. Your doctor may suggest checking it daily or less often. If you’re making any changes in your medications or other treatments, your doctor may recommend you check your blood pressure starting two weeks after treatment changes and a week before your next appointment.

10. Get support
Supportive family and friends can help improve your health. They may encourage you to take care of yourself, drive you to the doctor’s office or embark on an exercise program with you to keep your blood pressure low.


If you find you need support beyond your family and friends, consider joining a support group. This may put you in touch with people who can give you an emotional or morale boost and who can offer practical tips to cope with your condition.

Source: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20046974

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What’s a good way to gain weight if you’re underweight?

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Answer From Katherine Zeratsky, R.D., L.D.
Although being lean can often be healthy, being underweight can be a concern if it’s the result of poor nutrition or if you are pregnant or have other health concerns. So, if you’re underweight, see your doctor or dietitian for an evaluation. Together, you can plan how to meet your goal weight.

Here are some healthy ways to gain weight when you’re underweight:

Eat more frequently. When you’re underweight, you may feel full faster. Eat five to six smaller meals during the day rather than two or three large meals.
Choose nutrient-rich foods. As part of an overall healthy diet, choose whole-grain breads, pastas and cereals; fruits and vegetables; dairy products; lean protein sources; and nuts and seeds.
Try smoothies and shakes. Don’t fill up on diet soda, coffee and other drinks with few calories and little nutritional value. Instead, drink smoothies or healthy shakes made with milk and fresh or frozen fruit, and sprinkle in some ground flaxseed. In some cases, a liquid meal replacement may be recommended.
Watch when you drink. Some people find that drinking fluids before meals blunts their appetite. In that case, it may be better to sip higher calorie beverages along with a meal or snack. For others, drinking 30 minutes after a meal, not with it, may work.
Make every bite count. Snack on nuts, peanut butter, cheese, dried fruits and avocados. Have a bedtime snack, such as a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, or a wrap sandwich with avocado, sliced vegetables, and lean meat or cheese.
Top it off. Add extras to your dishes for more calories — such as cheese in casseroles and scrambled eggs, and fat-free dried milk in soups and stews.
Have an occasional treat. Even when you’re underweight, be mindful of excess sugar and fat. An occasional slice of pie with ice cream is OK. But most treats should be healthy and provide nutrients in addition to calories. Bran muffins, yogurt and granola bars are good choices.
Exercise. Exercise, especially strength training, can help you gain weight by building up your muscles. Exercise may also stimulate your appetite.

Best food for gaining weight

1. Homemade Protein Smoothies

Drinking homemade protein smoothies can be a highly nutritious and quick way to gain weight. Smoothies with chocolate, banana and nuts

2.Milk

3. Nuts

4. Butter

5. Red meat

6. Whole wheat Bread

7. salmon and oily fish

8. Eggs


Source: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/18-foods-to-gain-weight#section5


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What is Nephrotic Syndrome and its symptoms

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Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to excrete too much protein in your urine.

Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood. Nephrotic syndrome causes swelling (edema), particularly in your feet and ankles, and increases the risk of other health problems.

Treatment for nephrotic syndrome includes treating the underlying condition that’s causing it and taking medications. Nephrotic syndrome can increase your risk of infections and blood clots. Your doctor may recommend medications and dietary changes to prevent these and other complications of nephrotic syndrome.

Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include:

Severe swelling (edema), particularly around your eyes and in your ankles and feet
Foamy urine, which may be caused by excess protein in your urine
Weight gain due to excess fluid retention
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Causes
Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of tiny blood vessels (glomeruli) of your kidneys.

The glomeruli filter your blood as it passes through your kidneys, separating things your body needs from those it doesn’t. Healthy glomeruli keep blood protein (mainly albumin) — which is needed to maintain the right amount of fluid in your body — from seeping into your urine. When damaged, glomeruli allow too much blood protein to leave your body, leading to nephrotic syndrome.

Many possible causes
Many diseases and conditions can cause glomerular damage and lead to nephrotic syndrome, including:

Diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes can lead to kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy) that affects the glomeruli.
Minimal change disease. This is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. Minimal change disease results in abnormal kidney function, but when the kidney tissue is examined under a microscope, it appears normal or nearly normal. The cause of the abnormal function typically can’t be determined.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Characterized by scattered scarring of some of the glomeruli, this condition may result from another disease or a genetic defect or occur for no known reason.
Membranous nephropathy. This kidney disorder is the result of thickening membranes within the glomeruli. The exact cause of the thickening isn’t known, but it’s sometimes associated with other medical conditions, such as hepatitis B, malaria, lupus and cancer.
Systemic lupus erythematosus. This chronic inflammatory disease can lead to serious kidney damage.
Amyloidosis. This disorder occurs when substances called amyloid proteins accumulate in your organs. Amyloid buildup often affects the kidneys, damaging their filtering system.
Blood clot in a kidney vein. Renal vein thrombosis, which occurs when a blood clot blocks a vein connected to the kidney, can cause nephrotic syndrome.
Risk factors
Factors that can increase your risk of nephrotic syndrome include:

Medical conditions that can damage your kidneys. Certain diseases and conditions increase your risk of developing nephrotic syndrome, such as diabetes, lupus, amyloidosis and other kidney diseases.
Certain medications. Examples of medications that can cause nephrotic syndrome include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs used to fight infections.
Certain infections. Examples of infections that increase the risk of nephrotic syndrome include HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and malaria.
Complications
Possible complications of nephrotic syndrome include:

Blood clots. The inability of the glomeruli to filter blood properly can lead to loss of blood proteins that help prevent clotting. This increases your risk of developing a blood clot (thrombus) in your veins.
High blood cholesterol and elevated blood triglycerides. When the level of the protein albumin in your blood falls, your liver makes more albumin. At the same time, your liver releases more cholesterol and triglycerides.
Poor nutrition. Loss of too much blood protein can result in malnutrition. This can lead to weight loss, but it may be masked by swelling. You may also have too few red blood cells (anemia) and low levels of vitamin D and calcium.
High blood pressure. Damage to your glomeruli and the resulting buildup of wastes in your bloodstream (uremia) can raise your blood pressure.
Acute kidney failure. If your kidneys lose their ability to filter blood due to damage to the glomeruli, waste products may build up quickly in your blood. If this happens, you may need emergency dialysis — an artificial means of removing extra fluids and waste from your blood — typically with an artificial kidney machine (dialyzer).
Chronic kidney disease. Nephrotic syndrome may cause your kidneys to gradually lose their function over time. If kidney function falls low enough, you may require dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Infections. People with nephrotic syndrome have an increased risk of infections.
Diagnosis
Tests and procedures used to diagnose nephrotic syndrome include:

Urine tests. A urinalysis can reveal abnormalities in your urine, such as large amounts of protein, if you have nephrotic syndrome. You may be asked to collect urine samples over 24 hours for an accurate measure of the protein in your urine.
Blood tests. If you have nephrotic syndrome, a blood test may show low levels of the protein albumin (hypoalbuminemia) specifically and often decreased levels of blood protein overall. Loss of albumin is often associated with an increase in blood cholesterol and blood triglycerides. Serum creatinine and blood urea also may be measured to assess your overall kidney function.
Removing a sample of kidney tissue for testing. Your doctor may recommend a procedure called a kidney biopsy to remove a small sample of kidney tissue for testing. During a kidney biopsy, a special needle is inserted through your skin and into your kidney. Kidney tissue is collected and sent to a lab for testing.
Treatment
Treatment for nephrotic syndrome involves treating any underlying medical condition that may be causing your nephrotic syndrome. Your doctor may also recommend medications that may help control your signs and symptoms or treat complications of nephrotic syndrome. Medications may include:

Blood pressure medications. Drugs called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce blood pressure and also reduce the amount of protein released in urine. Medications in this category include benazepril (Lotensin), captopril and enalapril (Vasotec). Another group of drugs that works in a similar way is called angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and includes losartan (Cozaar) and valsartan (Diovan). Other medications, such as renin inhibitors, also may be used, though ACE inhibitors and ARBs are generally used first.
Water pills. Water pills (diuretics) help control swelling by increasing your kidneys’ fluid output. Diuretic medications typically include furosemide (Lasix). Others may include spironolactone (Aldactone) and thiazides, such as hydrochlorothiazide.
Cholesterol-reducing medications. Medications called statins can help lower cholesterol levels. However, it’s currently unclear whether or not cholesterol-lowering medications can specifically improve the outcomes of people with nephrotic syndrome, such as avoiding heart attack
s or decreasing the risk of early death. Statins include atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Altoprev), pravastatin (Pravachol), rosuvastatin (Crestor) and simvastatin (Zocor).
Blood thinners. Medications called anticoagulants help decrease your blood’s ability to clot and may be prescribed if you’ve had a blood clot to reduce your risk of future blood clots. Anticoagulants include heparin, warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven), dabigatran (Pradaxa), apixaban (Eliquis) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto).
Immune system-suppressing medications. Medications to control the immune system, such as corticosteroids, may decrease the inflammation that accompanies underlying conditions, such as minimal change disease, lupus and amyloidosis.

Source https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20375608

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What is Valve Repair or Replacement ?

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Blood is pumped through your heart in only one direction. Heart valves play a key role in this one-way blood flow, opening and closing with each heartbeat. Pressure changes on either side of the valves cause them to open their flap-like “doors” (called cusps or leaflets) at just the right time, then close tightly to prevent a backflow of blood.

There are 4 valves in the heart: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic.

In the United States, surgeons perform about 106,000 heart valve operations each year. Nearly all of these operations are done to repair or replace the mitral or aortic valves. These valves are on the left side of the heart, which works harder than the right. They control the flow of oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body.

If valve damage is mild, doctors may be able to treat it with medicines. If damage to the valve is severe, surgery to repair or replace the valve may be needed.

What is valve repair?

Valve repair can usually be done on congenital valve defects (defects you are born with) and has a good success record with treating mitral valve defects. Here are some procedures surgeons may use to repair a valve:

Commissurotomy is used for narrowed valves, where the leaflets are thickened and perhaps stuck together. The surgeon opens the valve by cutting the points where the leaflets meet.

Valvuloplasty strengthens the leaflets to provide more support and to let the valve close tightly. This support comes from a ring-like device that surgeons attach around the outside of the valve opening.

Reshaping is done when the surgeon cuts out a section of a leaflet. Once the leaflet is sewn back together, the valve can close properly.

Decalcification removes calcium buildup from the leaflets. Once the calcium is removed, the leaflets can close properly. Repair of structural support replaces or shortens the cords that give the valves support (these cords are called the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles). When the cords are the right length, the valve can close properly.

Patching covers holes or tears in the leaflets with a tissue patch.

What is valve replacement?

Severe valve damage means the valve must be replaced and most often involves the aortic or mitral valve. It is also used to treat any valve disease that is life-threatening. Some patients may need more than one valve repaired or replaced.

Two kinds of valves can be used for replacement:

Mechanical valves are usually made from materials such as plastic, carbon, or metal. Mechanical valves are strong, and they last a long time. Because blood tends to stick to mechanical valves and create blood clots, patients with these valves will need to take blood-thinning medicines (called anticoagulants) for the rest of their lives.

Biological valves are made from animal tissue (called a xenograft) or taken from the human tissue of a donated heart (called an allograft or homograft). Sometimes, a patient’s own tissue can be used for valve replacement (called an autograft). Patients with biological valves usually do not need to take blood-thinning medicines. These valves are not as strong as mechanical valves, though, and they may need to be replaced every 10 years or so. Biological valves break down even faster in children and young adults, so these valves are used most often in elderly patients. You and your doctor will decide which type of valve is best for you.

During valve repair or replacement surgery, the breastbone is divided, the heart is stopped, and blood is sent through a heart-lung machine. Because the heart or the aorta must be opened, heart valve surgery is open heart surgery.

What to Expect

The operation will be scheduled at a time that is best for you and your surgeon, except in urgent cases. Be sure to tell your surgeon and cardiologist about any changes in your health including symptoms of a cold or the flu. Any infection may affect your recovery.

Also, review all medications (prescription as well as over-the-counter and supplements) with your cardiologist and surgeon. Before surgery, you may have to have an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), blood tests, urine tests, and a chest x-ray to give your surgeon the latest information about your health.  If you smoke, your doctor will want you to stop at least 2 weeks before your surgery. Smoking before surgery can lead to problems with blood clotting and breathing. The night before surgery, you will be asked to bathe to reduce the amount of germs on your skin.

A medicine (anesthetic) will make you sleep during the operation. This is called “anesthesia.” Because anesthesia is safest on an empty stomach, you will be asked not to eat or drink after midnight the night before surgery. If you do eat or drink anything after midnight, it is important that you tell your anesthesiologist and surgeon.

You will  get complete instructions from your cardiologist and surgeon about the procedure, but here are some basics you can expect as a valve surgery patient. 

A heart-lung machine is used for all valve repair or replacement surgeries. This will keep oxygen-rich blood flowing through your body while your heart is stopped. A perfusion technologist or blood-flow specialist operates the heart-lung machine. Before you are hooked up to this machine, a blood-thinning medicine called an anticoagulant will be given to prevent your blood from clotting. The surgical team is led by the cardiovascular surgeon and includes other assisting surgeons, an anesthesiologist, and surgical nurses.

After you are hooked up to the heart-lung machine, your heart is stopped and cooled. Next, a cut is made into the heart or aorta, depending on which valve is being repaired or replaced. Once the surgeon has finished the repair or replacement, the heart is then started again, and you are disconnected from the heart-lung machine.

The surgery can take anywhere from 2 to 4 hours or more, depending on the number of valves that need to be repaired or replaced.

If you have an office job, you can usually go back to work in 4 to 6 weeksy after the surgery. Those who have more physically demanding jobs may need to wait longer.

Life After Valve Replacement

Most valve repair and replacement operations are successful. In some rare cases, a valve repair may fail and another operation may be needed. Patients with a biological valve may need to have the valve replaced in 10 to 15 years. Mechanical valves may also fail, so patients should alert their doctor if they are having any symptoms of valve failure.

Patients with a mechanical valve will need to take a blood-thinning medicine for the rest of their lives. Because these medicines increase the risk of bleeding within the body, you should always wear a medical alert bracelet and tell your doctor or dentist that you are taking a blood-thinning medicine.

Even if you are not taking a blood-thinning medicine, you must always tell your doctor and dentist that you have had valve surgery. If you are having a surgical or dental procedure, you should take an antibiotic before the procedure. Bacteria can enter the bloodstream during these procedures. If bacteria get into a repaired or artificial valve, it can lead to a serious condition called bacterial endocarditis. Antibiotics can prevent bacterial endocarditis.

Patients with mechanical valves say they sometimes hear a quiet clicking sound in their chest. This is just the sound of the new valve opening and closing, and it is nothing to be worried about. In fact, it is a sign that the new valve is working the way it should.

Minimally Invasive Valve Surgery

Minimally invasive heart valve surgery is a technique that uses smaller incisions to repair or replace heart valves. This means there is less pain. Minimally invasive surgery also reduces the length of the hospital stay and the recovery time.

Minimally invasive valve surgery can only be done in certain patients. This type of surgery cannot be done in patients

With robotic surgery, the surgeon has a control console, a side cart with 3 robotic arms, a special vision system, and instruments. A computer translates the surgeon’s natural hand and wrist movements made on the control console to instruments that have been placed inside the patient through small incisions. The robot’s controls can read even the tiniest of movements the surgeon makes.

Robotic surgery can reduce the time it takes to do valve surgery, as well as shorten the hospital stay and recovery time.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) 

Also called transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is a minimally invasive procedure to repair a damaged or diseased aortic valve. A catheter is inserted into an artery in the groin and threaded to the heart. A balloon at the end of the catheter, with a replacement valve folded around it, delivers the new valve to take the place of the old.

The tissue valve is made of bovine (cow) pericardium supported by a metal stent.

If valve damage is mild, doctors may be able to treat it with medicines. If damage to the valve is severe, surgery to repair or replace the valve may be needed.

  Minimally Invasive Valve Surgery

Minimally invasive heart valve surgery is a technique that uses smaller incisions to repair or replace heart valves. This means there is less pain. Minimally invasive surgery also reduces the length of the hospital stay and the recovery time.  Minimally invasive valve surgery can only be done in certain patients.

This type of surgery cannot be done in patients with severe valve damage, who need more than one valve repaired or replaced, who have clogged arteries (atherosclerosis), who are obese

In some cases, minimally invasive valve surgery can be done using a robot. Robotic surgery does not require a large incision in the chest. It is not available at all hospitals, and patients with severe valve damage cannot have the procedure. The Texas Heart Institute has a robot.  With robotic surgery, the surgeon has a control console, a side cart with 3 robotic arms, a special vision system, and instruments. A computer translates the surgeon’s natural hand and wrist movements made on the control console to instruments that have been placed inside the patient through small incisions. The robot’s controls can read even the tiniest of movements the surgeon makes.

Robotic surgery can reduce the time it takes to do valve surgery, as well as shorten the hospital stay and recovery time.

Source: /www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/valve-repair-or-replacement/

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Knee replacement surgery: What you need to know

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Knee replacement surgery restores the weight-bearing façade of a damaged, worn, or diseased knee joint. The aim is to remove pain and restore mobility. It is also known as knee arthroplasty, or “knee resurfacing.”
The surgeon caps the ends of the bones that form the knee joint with metal or plastic components, or implants a prosthetic, shaped as a joint. This enables the knee to move properly.Replacement knee surgery can help patients whose knee or knees have degenerated due to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or post-traumatic arthritis, when an injury has damaged the knee. It is considered a routine procedure. Every year, over 600,000 knee replacement surgeries are carried out in the United States. Most patients are aged between 50 and 80 years. Over 90 percent of patients experience a dramatic improvement in pain levels and mobility. As long as the patient follows the surgeon’s instructions for knee care, in 90 percent of cases, a replacement knee still functions well after 15 years, and 80 to 85 percent of replacements last 20 years.

What is knee replacement and why is it useful?
Knee replacement is a kind of arthroplasty. Arthroplasty literally means “the surgical repair of a joint,” and it involves the surgical reconstruction and replacement of degenerated joints, using artificial body parts, or prosthetics.

When the articular cartilage of the knee becomes damaged or worn, it becomes painful and the knee is hard to move. Instead of sliding over each other, the bones rub and crush together.

With a prosthesis, the patient will feel less pain, and the knee will move properly.

Why have knee replacement surgery?
There are three common reasons for the procedure:

Osteoarthritis: this type of arthritis is age related, caused by the normal wear and tear of the knee joint. It mostly affects patients aged over 50 years, but younger people may have it.

Osteoarthritis is caused by inflammation, breakdown, and the gradual and eventual loss of cartilage in the joints. Over time, the cartilage wears down and the bones rub together. To compensate, the bones often grow thicker, but this results in more friction and more pain.

Rheumatoid arthritis: also called inflammatory arthritis, the membrane around the knee joint to become thick and inflamed. Chronic inflammation damages the cartilage, causing soreness and stiffness.

Post-traumatic arthritis: this type of arthritis is due to a severe knee injury. When the bones around the knee break or the ligaments tear, this will affect the knee cartilage.

Who might need a knee replacement?
Knee surgery may be suitable for patients who experience:

Severe knee pain or stiffness that prevents them from carrying out everyday tasks and activities, such as walking, going upstairs, getting in and out of cars, getting up from a chair
Moderate but continuous knee pain that continues while sleeping or resting
Chronic knee inflammation and swelling that does not improve after taking medications or resting
Knee deformity, where there is a noticeable arch on the inside or outside of the knee
Depression, resulting from an inability to carry out daily or social activities
If the other available treatment options have not worked, surgery may be the best option.
Types of knee replacement surgery
Knee replacement can be total or partial.


Total knee replacement (TKR): Surgery involves the replacement of both sides of the knee joint. It is the most common procedure.

Surgery lasts between 1 and 3 hours. The individual will have less pain and better mobility, but there will be scar tissue, which can make it difficult to move and bend the knees.

Partial knee replacement (PKR): Partial replacement replaces only one side of the knee joint. Less bone is removed, so the incision is smaller, but it does not last as long as a total replacement.

PKR is suitable for people with damage to only one part of the knee. Post-operative rehabilitation is more straightforward, there is less blood loss and a lower risk of infection and blood clots.

The hospital stay and recovery period are normally shorter, and there is a higher chance of more natural movement.
Preparing for surgery
Knee arthroplasty involves major surgery, so pre-operative preparation, medical consultations, and physical evaluations usually begin a month before the set date of the operation.

Preparatory and diagnostic tests will include checking blood count, seeing how the blood clots, carrying out electrocardiograms (ECGs), and urine tests.

Surgery is usually performed either under general, spinal, or epidural anesthetic.

During the procedure, the orthopedic surgeon will remove the damaged cartilage and bone, and then position the new implant, made of metal, plastic, or both, to restore the alignment and function of the knee.

Recovery
A patient who has knee replacement surgery will be hospitalized for 1 to 3 days, depending on how well they follow and respond to rehabilitation.

There will be pain, but a day after the procedure medical staff will encourage patients to get up and try to walk about, usually with some kind of walking aid. It is important to follow the instructions for rehabilitation.

Physical therapy sessions aim to strengthen the knee. These may be painful, but they significantly reduce the risk of future complications.

Patients who do not have help at home may need to stay in the hospital for longer.

Source: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/247500.php

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Cosmetic Vs Plastic surgery

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Cosmetic surgery is a unique discipline of medicine focused on enhancing appearance through surgical and medical techniques. Cosmetic surgery can be performed on all areas of the head, neck and body. Because treated areas function properly but lack aesthetic appeal, cosmetic surgery is elective.

Plastic surgery is defined as a surgical specialty dedicated to reconstruction of facial and body defects due to birth disorders, trauma, burns, and disease. Plastic surgery is intended to correct dysfunctional areas of the body and is reconstructive in nature.

We live in a world where everyone is aiming to achieve greatness not only in their profession but also in the way they look. Cosmetic surgery and treatments are on the rise as more and more people are striving to get rid of their imperfections and become perfect.

Cosmetic surgery has its highs and lows. Depending on the type of treatment, area of treatment, and extent of treatment, these risks and benefits vary. Cosmetic surgery does not always involve an actual surgical procedure. Some just involve a few injections and other medical procedures.

One of the major advantages of cosmetic surgery is the satisfaction it gives the patient once he comes out of surgery. The person would have that perfect nose or a beautiful chin or bigger breasts and it would be just the way the person had imagined. Another advantage is that plastic surgery is not just done to enhance one’s looks. There are many defects and diseases that can be cured with cosmetic surgery. Rhinoplasty, Botox, liposuction, etc. is used to treat many ailments. For example Botox injections are used to treat excessive sweating and migraines. Rhinoplasty is used to treat respiratory impediment and trauma to the nasal cavity. Face lifts, chemical peels, and skin grafts can be used to treat damage caused by burns. When it comes to disadvantages, the first thing that can be mentioned here is the misuse or overuse of cosmetic treatment.

There are also risks like excessive bleeding, scarring, or bruising. Other side effects caused by cosmetic surgery are numbness, pain, swelling, and limited mobility. Another problem that generally exists is the too high expectations from such surgeries. Some patients get disappointed with the way the surgery turns out.

A way to reduce the risk is to ask the right questions and avoid unnecessary surgery. It is better to choose a cosmetic surgeon of reasonable reputation to carry out the surgery. Go to him in advance, give him the details of what the problem is or what is intended, and get his opinion. A good surgeon always gives sound advice about what procedure need to be done. If the problem can be solved without surgery, he will suggest that as well. Good surgeons also look into the psychological outlook of the patients. If the patient is depressed and is planning to get the surgery to get out of depression, it is essential for the surgeon to suggest that they get the depression treated before considering the surgery. Safe cosmetic surgery depends as much on the patient as on the doctor.

One thing is certain: cosmetic surgery has many benefits and they override the drawbacks. The reason why cosmetic surgery is scorned by many is because of its misuse and the false publicity it receives from the press every time an actor or actress gets a nose job or a breast implant. Yes, as the way a person looks is fast gaining precedence over many other things, cosmetic surgery is also gaining ground as a great and highly sought after profession.

Plastic surgery Benefits and Risks::

Disadvantages of Plastic Surgery

The obvious risk of plastic surgery is that it not only involves complications but also the risk of receiving bad work. This is for sure, no one wants to spend substantial amount money to look even worse that before or to be affected by side effects involved in plastic surgery. In order to clarify all the possibilities of plastic surgery, whether good or bad, you should consult your doctor before you plan any surgery for you. This will assist you in knowing the risks involved and to get prior knowledge of the medications to which your body reacts unpredictably. With cosmetic surgeries, results may be unrealistic, not up to the expectations of the person undergoing surgery.

Advantage of Plastic Surgery

The advantages of plastic surgery are no doubt dramatic, like the ability to use a hand, remove skin cancer or close an open wound, or subtle like cosmetic or skin surgery or rhinoplasty for a young woman etc. Cosmetic surgery has become one of the most common events in the lives of people of all age groups, after all everyone takes due advantage from this processes. The motive behind the surgery can be any, removing birth marks or unattractive looking scars, re-scaling of noses, get rid of enlarged breasts or any other problem. The sole purpose behind plastic surgery is to get a good appearance and therefore to enhance self-confidence.

While doing all this, you should not forget that these surgical procedures can prove to be fatal and has a lot of risks involved in it. Taking decision in favour of plastic surgery is like putting yourself under testing as there is no guarantee of the results in the surgical treatments. Another important thing that you should keep in your mind is that, the surgeon who will perform the surgery is certified and has been qualified for conducting such kind of surgery. Do not risk yourself just to enhance your outwardly appearance to get mental pleasure. The factors that will affect you if you undergo should not be overlooked but the problems should be considered and rectified.

Source: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/beauty-therapy/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-plastic-surgery.php

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What is Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a disorder that can lead to easy or excessive bruising and bleeding. The bleeding results from unusually low levels of platelets — the cells that help blood clot.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, which is also called immune thrombocytopenia, affects children and adults. Children often develop ITP after a viral infection and usually recover fully without treatment. In adults, the disorder is often long term. If you don’t have signs of bleeding and your platelet count isn’t too low, you may not need any treatment. In rare cases, the number of platelets may be so low that dangerous internal bleeding occurs. Treatment options are available.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) may have no signs and symptoms. When they do occur, they may include:

Easy or excessive bruising (purpura)
Superficial bleeding into the skin that appears as a rash of pinpoint-sized reddish-purple spots (petechiae), usually on the lower legs
Bleeding from the gums or nose
Blood in urine or stools
Unusually heavy menstrual flow
When to see a doctor
Make an appointment with your doctor if you or your child develops warning signs that worry you.

Bleeding that won’t stop is a medical emergency. Seek immediate help if you or your child experiences bleeding that can’t be controlled by the usual first-aid techniques, such as applying pressure to the area.
Causes
In some people thrombocytopenia is caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking and destroying platelets. If the cause of this immune reaction is unknown, the condition is called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Idiopathic means “of unknown cause.”

In most children with ITP, the disorder follows a viral illness, such as the mumps or the flu. It may be that the infection triggers the immune system malfunction.

Increased breakdown of platelets
In people with ITP, antibodies produced by the immune system attach themselves to the platelets, marking the platelets for destruction. The spleen, which helps your body fight infection, recognizes the antibodies and removes the platelets from your system. The result of this case of mistaken identity is a lower number of circulating platelets than is normal.

A normal platelet count is generally between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets per microliter of circulating blood. People with ITP often have platelet counts below 20,000. Because platelets help the blood clot, as their number decreases, your risk of bleeding increases. The greatest risk is when your platelet count falls very low — below 10,000 platelets per microliter. At this point, internal bleeding may occur even without any injury.

Risk factors
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura can occur in anyone at almost any age, but these factors increase the risk:

Your sex. Women are two to three times more likely to develop ITP than men are.
Recent viral infection. Many children with ITP develop the disorder after a viral illness, such as mumps, measles or a respiratory infection.
Complications
A rare complication of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is bleeding into the brain, which can be fatal.

Pregnancy
In pregnant women with ITP, the condition doesn’t usually affect the baby. But the baby’s platelet count should be tested soon after birth.

If you’re pregnant and your platelet count is very low or you have bleeding, you have a greater risk of heavy bleeding during delivery. In such cases, you and your doctor may discuss treatment to maintain a stable platelet count, taking into account the effects on your baby.

Source: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura/symptoms-causes/syc-20352325

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Silent Heart Attack: Symptoms and Prevention

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You May Have Had a Heart Attack Without Realizing It

However, a new study indicates that thousands of Americans may have had a heart attack and not known it. In the study, published in the American Heart Association’s journal Circulation, researchers analyzed the health records of nearly 9,500 middle-aged adults who were enrolled in a study focused on atherosclerosis, a condition that involves plaque build-up in the arteries. Researchers then looked at differences in heart attacks between several groups in the study, including men and women, and followed patients for nine years.

They found that 317 of them had silent heart attacks, while another 386 had heart attacks with obvious symptoms. By following patients for another 20 years, researchers found that silent heart attacks accounted for 45 percent of all heart attacks. These kinds of heart attacks also increased fatality rates. Those who had silent heart attacks were three times more likely to die from heart disease and were 34 percent more likely to die in general. Researchers also found another important distinction: women were more likely to die from silent heart attacks even though men were more likely to get them.

Why are silent heart attacks so deadly? Because if someone doesn’t realize they’ve had a heart attack they’re less likely to seek treatment for heart disease.

A heart attack is usually accompanied by symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, upper body pain in the arms, neck or jaw and nausea or lightheadedness. However, the symptoms of a silent heart attack are barely noticeable. According to the study’s authors, these heart attacks usually are detected later when patients get an electrocardiogram (EKG) to check their heart’s electrical activity.

Signs of a Silent Heart Attack
Silent heart attacks should be treated because they indicate underlying heart disease. If you aren’t sure if you’ve had a silent heart attack, here are some signs and symptoms you should be aware of:

Fatigue: if you have unexplained tiredness, it could be a sign of cardiac issues. During a heart attack, there is reduced blood flow to the heart, which puts extra strain on the muscles and leads to fatigue. If you feel tired and have other risk factors for heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol or diabetes, don’t hesitate to see a doctor.

Soreness in the Limbs: If you feel sore in your arms, back or chest, it could be a sign of a possible heart attack. When the arteries are blocked, blood flow to the muscles is reduced, which leads to soreness.

Heartburn: Unusual heartburn that doesn’t occur after eating may be a sign of a heart attack, especially if it is accompanied by intense chest pain.

Nausea: If you have a severely upset stomach accompanied by nausea or vomiting, it may be a symptom of a heart attack. If you haven’t eaten something to disturb your stomach, you may want to see a doctor just for peace of mind.

If you experience any of these symptoms and have other risk factors for heart disease, it’s best to get an EKG. Though silent heart attacks often go undetected, they should be treated in the same way as other heart attacks, which may reduce your risk of a future episode or potentially fatal heart attack.

But as we often say, prevention is key. Heart disease is largely preventable with healthy lifestyle choices, including regular physical activity and a balanced diet that’s low in saturated fat, salt and sugar and high in whole grains, fruits and vegetables.

A heart attack is life-altering — and potentially life-ending. So whether you’re at risk for a silent heart attack or not, take steps today to be more proactive about your health health.

What can cause a silent heart attack? Are the causes different for men than women?
The causes of silent heart attacks are the same as those that cause heart attacks with symptoms. The most common cause of a heart attack is a blockage in a blood vessel that compromises blood supply to the portion of the heart that depends on that blood vessel. However, there are many different ways that blood flow to the heart can be compromised and women may be at higher risk for some of the less common mechanisms, which include:

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection, or SCAD (when a spontaneous tear forms in the wall of a blood vessel compromising blood flow)
Coronary vasospasm (a temporary, sudden spasm of a coronary artery that can impair blood flow)
Microvascular disease (disease of small blood vessels supplying the heart)

Because less is known about less common mechanisms, these causes are harder to identify and treat. There is still so much to learn about how to improve cardiovascular care in women, and this is a focus of Mass General’s Corrigan Women’s Heart Health Program

Ways to prevent a silent heart attack:

Eating a healthy diet
Walking 45 minutes a day
Maintaining an active lifestyle
Maintaining a healthy weight
Not smoking
Drink more water, one glass before sleep
Physical Health check once a year.

Doctors can help people identify whether someone may be at higher risk for developing heart disease and can help treat some of these risk factors—like high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. Women with a history of pre-eclampsia may also be at increased risk for heart disease.

It is very important that patients who already have heart disease or have had a heart attack see a cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in diseases of the heart) regularly to care for their hearts. Patients who have had a heart attack are at particularly high risk for another heart attack, and a cardiologist can help patients reduce this risk.

Source:https://www.massgeneral.org/heartcenter/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=5903

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Health benefits of eating garlic

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In India and parts of Asia and Mid-East, garlic is used since last 1000s  of years! They even used to prescribe garlic to treat a variety of medical conditions. In addition, Indians  use garlic in everyday cooking. Modern science has recently confirmed many of these beneficial health effects.

1. Garlic Contains Compounds With Potent Medicinal Properties
Garlic is a plant in the onion family that’s grown for its distinctive taste and health benefits. It contains sulfur compounds, which are believed to bring some of the health benefits.

2. Garlic Is Highly Nutritious But Has Very Few Calories
A 1-ounce (28-gram) serving of garlic contains (5):

Manganese: 23% of the RDA
Vitamin B6: 17% of the RDA
Vitamin C: 15% of the RDA
Selenium: 6% of the RDA
Fiber: 0.6 grams
Decent amounts of calcium, copper, potassium, phosphorus, iron and vitamin B1
Garlic also contains trace amounts of various other nutrients. In fact, it contains a little bit of almost everything you need.

This comes with 42 calories, 1.8 grams of protein and 9 grams of carbs.

3.. Garlic Can Combat Sickness, Including the Common Cold
Garlic supplements help prevent and reduce the severity of common illnesses like the flu and common cold.

4. The Active Compounds in Garlic Can Reduce Blood Pressure
High doses of garlic appear to improve blood pressure for those with known high blood pressure (hypertension). In some instances, supplements may be as effective as regular medications.

5. Garlic Improves Cholesterol Levels, Which May Lower the Risk of Heart Disease
Garlic supplements seem to reduce total and LDL cholesterol, particularly in those who have high cholesterol. HDL cholesterol and triglycerides do not seem to be affected.

6. Garlic Contains Antioxidants That May Help Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
Garlic contains antioxidants that protect against cell damage and aging. It may reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

7. Garlic May Help You Live Longer
Garlic has known beneficial effects on common causes of chronic disease, so it makes sense that it could also help you live longer.

8. Eating Garlic May Help Detoxify Heavy Metals in the Body
Garlic was shown to significantly reduce lead toxicity and related symptoms in one study.

9. Garlic May Improve Bone Health
Garlic appears to have some benefits for bone health by increasing estrogen levels in females, but more human studies are needed.

Garlic appears to have some benefits for bone health by increasing estrogen levels in females, but more human studies are needed.

10. Garlic Is Easy to Include in Your Diet and Tastes Absolutely Delicious
The last one is not a health benefit, but is still important. Garlic is very easy (and delicious) to include in your current diet. It complements most savory dishes, particularly soups and sauces. The strong taste of garlic can also add a punch to otherwise bland recipes. Garlic comes in several forms, from whole cloves and smooth pastes to powders and supplements like garlic extract and garlic oil.

sourcehttps://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-proven-health-benefits-of-garlic#section11

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What is Kawasaki Disease?

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Kawasaki disease is an illness that almost always affects kids, most of them under the age of 5. It’s one of the leading causes of heart disease in children. But doctors can treat it if it’s found early, and most children recover without any problem.CausesWhen a child has Kawasaki disease, the blood vessels throughout his body become inflamed. This can damage the coronary arteries, the vessels that carry blood to his heart.But Kawasaki disease doesn’t affect just the heart. It can also cause problems with lymph nodes, skin, and lining of the mouth, nose and throat.Scientists haven’t found an exact cause for Kawasaki disease. But they think it’s probably linked to a combination of genetics, exposure to viruses and bacteria, and other environment factors, such as chemicals and irritants.

Doctors don’t think it’s contagious, though the disease sometimes occurs in community clusters. And kids are more likely to get it in the winter and spring, but they can have it throughout the year. Children of all ethnic and racial backgrounds get Kawasaki disease, but those of Asian descent are more likely to have it.

Symptoms
One of the most important things to know about Kawasaki disease is that it comes on fast and symptoms show up in phases. It can lead to heart trouble in as little as 10 days to 2 weeks after the symptoms start.

Signs of Kawasaki disease may include the following:
High fever, above 101 and minimally responsive to meds that normally bring down a temperature -usually lasting more than 5 days
Rash and/or peeling skin, often between the chest and legs and in the genital or groin area, and later on the fingers and toes
Swelling and redness in hands and bottoms of feet, followed by sloughing of skin of hands and feet
Redness in the eyes
Enlarged glands, especially in the neck
Irritated throat, inner mouth, and lips
Swollen, bright red “strawberry tongue”
Joint pain
Stomach trouble, with diarrhea and vomiting

If your child has a fever between 101 and 103 degrees that lasts more than 4 days, and shows several of the symptoms noted, contact his doctor. Treating him early can help reduce his chances of any permanent effects.

Treatment
Your child may have a lot of pain from the fever, swelling, and skin irritation. His doctor might prescribe medication to relieve these, including aspirin and others that prevent blood clots. You shouldn’t give your child any medication without talking to your doctor first.

He’ll probably also get an IV of immune globulin. This is more effective when given with aspirin than aspirin alone. It will lessen his chance of heart issues when used early in his treatment. Because of the risk of complications, most children are initially treated for Kawasaki disease in the hospital.

Problems
Because it involves the heart, this illness can be scary. But most children recover completely and have no lasting problems. However, in rare cases, children can have:
Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmia)
Inflamed heart muscles (myocarditis)
Damaged heart valves (mitral regurgitation)
Inflamed blood vessels (vasculitis)
These can lead to further troubles, including weak or bulging artery walls. These are called aneurysms. They could increase the chance your child will have artery blockages, which can cause internal bleeding and even heart attacks. A baseline echocardiogram can diagnose many of these complications.

Some severe cases of Kawasaki disease require surgery, and a small percentage of children don’t survive the illness. Infants have a higher risk of serious complications.

Source:https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-kawasaki-disease#1

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