Researchers are trying to develop a new influenza shot, which could mean just one jab will protect you for many flu seasons. US researchers may be on their way to developing a new influenza shot, which could mean just one jab will protect you for many flu seasons to come. David Putnam and Matt DeLisa from the William L. Lewis Professor of Engineering in Cornell’s Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering have been researching strains of the influenza, or flu, virus, which change every year because some of the proteins in the virus mutate.
However, as some proteins stay the same, the pair have been able to take one of the Matrix-2 (M2) protein, and attempt to package it in a controlled-release “capsule” to make a new flu shot. Their hope is that the new shot will be a quick-acting, long-lasting, multi-strain vaccine against influenzaA, and would mean maybe just one jab would be sufficient for protection.
The influenza A virus can be described as a “moving target” as it changes from year to year and can morph into a pandemic strain — meaning it is infectious across a large region — which can put the general population at risk. The new bacterial outer membrane vesicle (OMV) capsule, which has been engineered from nonpathogenic E. coli and has an outer surface that mimics the cell from which it originated, has now been tested by the team on mice to assess its efficacy against the virus.
OMVs have already shown to have potential for protecting against other deadly pathogens. As the M2 protein is found in the influenza sequence in birds, pigs and humans, the group took two sequences from birds, one from pigs and one from humans, and brought them together into one multi-target antigen. “So even if, say, the human strain mutates,” Putnam said, “we know where it came from and it’s going to look like the other two. We kind of covered all the bases.”
The pair then gave the vaccine to mice infected with the influenza A virus. They found that those who were given the OMV vaccine developed high antibody counts just four weeks after vaccination, whereas mice given a typical multishot vaccine regimen developed antibodies after eight weeks. In addition, the results also showed the effects of the OMV vaccine were long-lasting, with the team observing that even after six months, all of the mice given the OMV vaccine survived a lethal influenza A infection. As six months is approximately 25% of the typical life expectancy for a mouse, Putnam believes it is likely that the OMV vaccine would be long-lasting for humans, too.
“Even if we have to give a booster shot every 10 years, like tetanus, that’s still very good,” he said. The findings can be found published online in the journal Vaccine.
00seshunarayanahttps://imedworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MedWorks-Logo-02-300x300.pngseshunarayana2020-08-07 12:02:272020-08-07 12:02:27Do you suffer from the flu every winter? A new shot may protect you for years
How do we know our immune system is ineffective or run down?
Is immune optimization based solely on “boosting the immune system”?
Let’s look at these and other important questions that will deepen our understanding about our immune system…
Understanding immunity
Our body is exposed to many potential threats. The immune system is exposed to foods, air, water, dusts, pollens and microbes. By constantly responding to our external environment, our body can adjust and reach new set-points that allow us to ‘feel good in our bodies’ (also known as homeostasis).
The immune system is always working, often without producing any symptoms. The most important function of our immune system is to distinguish “self” from “non-self”. During its investigation, the immune system decides whether to expel foreign invaders from the body, destroy and remove them, or segregate them in order to lessen their harmful impact on the body. Once the potential threat is identified, a healthy immune system can respond by creating replications of itself and mobilizing to the affected area. Through the release of chemical mediators, inflammation occurs in the local area thereby allowing more immune cells to be called into action. Although these mechanisms are important to fight off infections, they are also the cause behind unpleasant symptoms such as sore throats and runny noses.
The way the immune system responds can either be balanced (the response is effective and proportional to the threat), hypersensitive (as in food and environmental allergies, including seasonal allergies), underactive (as in a lingering cold), overly reactive (as in H1N1 infection complications where inflammation goes out of control) or out of balanced (as in autoimmune disease where the immune system starts attacking the body). The effectiveness of the clean up job is of upmost importance because we feel better faster, and it allows the immune system to direct its attention to new potential threats.
When the body’s telling you something
There are many health conditions and symptoms that let us know that our immune system is dysfunctional. Those that are at the top of my list include:
Frequent colds and flu. Colds and flu that turn into deeper infections (eg lingering coughs, pneumonia and bronchitis) or other respiratory infections (eg sinus or ear infections). Allergies (food, seasonal, environmental). Herpes outbreaks (cold sores or shingles). Persistent fatigue. Candida yeast infections. Digestive disorders (eg celiac, irritable bowel syndrome). Inflammatory disorders (eg Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc…). Because our digestive tract and immune system are intricately linked, digestive disorders are among the leading causes of immune dysfunction. One of the most important lymphatic networks includes the aggregations of lymph tissue of the Peyer’s patches in the abdomen. The Peyer’s patches are developed primarily in childhood. For this reason food allergies and gut irritation (often seen in colicky children) can impair the development of this lymphoid organ. Later in life we maintain good immune-gut health mainly with healthy bowel movements, and the presence of good bacteria in our guts. ‘Good’ bacteria derived from cultured food sources, inoculate our digestive track thereby promoting better food absorption and outcompeting ‘bad’ bacteria. The good bacteria often work in tandem with the immune system. The lining of our digestive tract (from mouth to anus), known as the mucous membrane is also packed with antibodies that help identify and neutralize viruses and bacteria.
Colds and flu – a bad or good sign?
Having 1 to 2 colds or flu per year is actually a sign of a healthy immune system. You can think of the infections as a yearly tune-up.
The intensity and duration of symptoms during a given sickness provide important clues of immune system health status. Ideally, infections should bring symptoms that are intense but which have a short duration and resolve completely. Intense symptoms such as a sore throat, lots of mucous, a fever and even a strong, productive cough indicate that your immune system has the vitality to be mobilized into action and has the capacity to launch a full assault.
During flu infection, you may also feel lethargic, have body aches, feel fatigued and even feel that you cannot get out of bed for 1 or 2 days. These are not necessarily bad signs! Unless you have to go to work (recognizing that life can place high demands on some folks), the best thing is to stay home during that time to rest and sleep. Your immune system will be able to work more efficiently this way. Over a period of 3 to 5 days, the symptoms should slowly improve and completely resolve. No lingering sniffles, residual chronic coughs, and no ear or sinus infection. Many people, if they are able to mount a robust immune assault feel as good as new and for some maybe even better than before the infection. The cold or flu allowed the body to cleanse itself and the immune system becomes stronger to fight future infections. This is important especially considering the rise in “super” bugs and antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Never getting sick or when colds and flu lingers for many weeks are markers of a weakened immune system. On the other hand, the immune system can be hypersensitive. That is, it can over-react and cause intense symptoms to seemingly minor threats (e.g. pollen).
It is imperative to diagnose and treat the cause for the dysfunctional immune system. Here are the top causes:
Poor digestive health (lack of good bacteria in the digestive tract, and chronic constipation or diarrhea). Inflammatory conditions (eg Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, autoimmune disease, cancer, etc…). Even mild inflammation occurring in many chronic conditions can overtime weaken the immune system. Chronic viral infections (HIV, herpes, etc…). Poor diet especially excessive refined sugar and simple carbohydrate intake, or lack of whole foods (leading to deficiencies in vitamins, mineral and proteins). Excess work. Stress, excess exercise or lack of sleep. Especially if associated with chronically elevated cortisol levels. Work with your medical doctor or naturopathic doctor to correctly diagnose the causes behind your immune dysfunction.
Immune optimization
The way our body responds against a flu virus (or other microbes) is based on our immune system’s ability to fight the infections. It would make sense, therefore, to focus our efforts solely on boosting our immune system. Is it as simple as using natural remedies such as Echinacea or vitamin C that are commonly used for this purpose? Although these remedies can be helpful, for a more long-term and whole-body approach, adopt a plan that promotes both effective and balanced immune system function.
00seshunarayanahttps://imedworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MedWorks-Logo-02-300x300.pngseshunarayana2020-07-20 12:48:232020-07-20 12:48:23Cold and Flu – good or bad sign?
